QA Auxiliary Verbs in Spanish

Question: Does Spanish have any auxiliary verbs other than haber? Answer: Yes, but their usages arent always parallel to the English usages of auxiliary verbs. In general, forms in English that require an auxiliary verb (other than the forms that are translated using haber) dont require auxiliaries in Spanish. A sentence in English such as I will leave becomes saldrà © in Spanish, the simple future tense,  not needing a separate word for will. And I am leaving can be expressed simply as salgo. However, the verb estar can be used as an auxiliary with the present participle, although such a usage is  less common than in English. For example, I am leaving can be expressed both as stated above and by saying estoy saliendo. And while its not really an auxiliary in Spanish, the verb poder (to be able) can be used for the English auxiliaries can and may (although there are a variety of other ways to translate may). For example: Puedo salir, I can leave. Notice similarly that infinitives (such as salir in the previous example) can follow any number of verbs. For example, you can say decidià ³ salir (he decided to leave), quiero salir (I want to leave) and pensaba salir (I thought about leaving or I intended to leave). These verbs arent really functioning as auxiliaries; instead, the infinitives are functioning as something similar to objects.

Essay about Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work

Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work â€Å"All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn,† this is what fellow writer had to say about this classic novel. Still, this novel has been the object of controversy since it was published more than 150 years ago. Some people argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, and that the novel has no place in a highschool classroom. This feeling is generated because a main character in the story, Jim, and other slaves are referred to many times as â€Å"niggers.† When Mark Twain wrote this book, he was striving to show the general public that society was wrong in the past, that the way white people thought black people were less than human was a wrong viewpoint. The†¦show more content†¦But according to Michael Meyers, â€Å"It is in the classroom, exactly, where the word ‘nigger’ belongs. It does not belong in the street, in casual conversation among whites or between blacks.† (67). John Wallace feels that because the word â€Å"nigger† appears over 200 times throughout the story, it â€Å"has caused him to be traumatized as a high-school student when it was required reading.† (â€Å"View of Slavery Still a Hot Topic†). Wallace went so far as to change the book, replacing any words that he felt were offensive to black people with other non-offensive words like slave or black man. When Wallace changed this book to what he felt was less offensive, the novel lost its irony, and its values (â€Å"View of Slavery Still a Hot Topic†). Other people argue that the text is harmful for young African-American students to read, but they must realize that Twain was writing for the time of the story. He wrote these words as a reminder that the way people acted in the past was unacceptable, and should not be tolerated, nor repeated. He knew that the way he had the characters treat Jim and the other slaves was wrong, but he was writing a period piece. These actions fit th e way people acted in American society in the 1830s and 1840s (Cryer 60). Twain goes on to show that even though Huck has been brought up to think of blacks as only slaves, and that he knows that freeing a slave, is not onlyShow MoreRelatedHuckleberry Finn and the use of Satire Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Huck Finn and the use of Satire Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been controversial ever since its release in 1884. It has been called everything from the root of modern American literature to a piece of racist trash. Many scholars have argued about Huck Finn being prejudiced. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses satire to mock many different aspects of the modern world. Despite the fact that many critics have accused Mark Twain’s novel of promoting racismRead MoreHuck Finn: Racist or Not Racist?760 Words   |  4 Pagescomments in his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The character of Jim is demeaning to African-Americans as he is portrayed as a foolish, uneducated, black slave. The â€Å"n† word is also used in the book describing him and many other African-American characters in the story. However, some see this book as anti-racist and believe that the use of racist’s comments is not racist at all. Those who think that are mistaken because H uck Finn in clearly a racist novel. The most obvious piece of evidenceRead More Prejudice and Racism in Huckleberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn: The Immorality of Racism A majority of people in American society believe that school systems must teach children that racism is morally wrong. Often, however, tension has builds over how to teach this important lesson. Unfortunately, a controversy has built over the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. Although some believe that Mark Twains novel perpetuates racist feelings, in fact Twain uses the characters to demonstrate the immorality of slavery. Miss Watson and PapRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Too Offensive For School?880 Words   |  4 PagesHuckleberry Finn too Offensive for School? A widely debated topic concerning, Mark Twain’s classic Huckleberry Finn centers on its content which may or may not be too offensive to be allowed on public school reading lists. The NAACP and concerned parents want Huckleberry Finn â€Å"removed from mandatory reading lists, for the books damaging effects on African-American students† (Hentoff 98). The book did not get removed; in â€Å"1998 Judge Reinhardt wrote: ‘an important part of education is thinking criticallyRead MoreEssay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Book578 Words   |  3 PagesAdventures Of Huckleberry Finn Racist or Not? The book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a racist book. The main arguments against it are the characters’ personalities and the dialect they used. This book is criticized by Twain critics and on the top ten ban list for school reading material. If people just concentrated on the main plot of the story, instead of the fine details that makes t he novel realistic, they would agree that the accusation of this novel being racist is ridiculous. Huck Finn was abusedRead MoreEssay on Prejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn833 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is an excellent example of racism in literature, because it uses language describing African Americans which goes beyond satire.   It treats them as objects and perpetuates stereotypes. It does not expose and deal with racism, as many advocates of its reading claim, but encourages an attitude of superiority that is unnecessary and intolerable. In order to ridRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1216 Words   |  5 Pages English 2 Honors/Pd. 8 5 June 2015 Is Mark Twain Racist? Alveda King once stated, â€Å"Racism springs from the lie that certain human beings are less than fully human.† Mark Twain supports this belief when he composed his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In the aftermath of the American Civil War, the institution of slavery and American Southern culture was not well understood internationally. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn conveys Southern culture and the social attitudes towardRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it make s the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain870 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† by Mark Twain, is considered to be one of the greatest American works of art. The novel was published in 1885 and was â€Å"one book from which all modern American literature† came (Ernest Hemingway). The novel was so powerful because it introduced new ideas into book such as the vernacular language and strong expression of racism. As being one of the greatest American novels, it was one of the most controversial. This novel has faced banishment from schools andRead MoreHuck Finn the Racist Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesWhen taking a look at Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, racism is a large theme that seems to be reoccurring. What some may think to be racism in Twains words, can also be explained as, good story telling appropriate to the era the story takes place in. Twain himself has been suggested as a racist based on the fact that he uses the word nigger in his book. However, Twain was an avid abolitionist. For those who claim that Twain was a racist must have only been looking out for themselves and not

Major Contributors to the Theory of Evolution Essay example

Long before Charles Darwin, other people made important contributions to the historical development of the theory of evolution. It all started in 5th century BC when early Greek philosophers characterized the origin of the natural world as by the power of nature rather than by supernatural force. They proposed the theory of evolution to explain the basis of the natural world. Thus, evolutionary theory began with the Ionian philosopher Anaximander (611-546 BC) who proposed living beings gradually developed from water and that humans originated from animals. He proposed the world had arisen from an undifferentiated, indeterminate substance. In the 6th century BC, Xenophanes (570475 BC) developed Anaximander’s theories by using fossils as†¦show more content†¦Its philosophy was dedicated to unveiling God’s plan by studying his creation. Species were individually created and designed by God for a purpose. This popular doctrine of a fixed, permanent and unchanging s pecies overruled suggested ideas of evolution. Natural theologian Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) was the â€Å"Father of Taxonomy† and he developed the two-part system (genus and species) of naming organisms and grouping species into a hierarchy. He firmly believed that species were permanent and dedicated his life to classifying organisms to reveal the plan of God’s creation. Through greater knowledge of the natural world, discoveries in the geological sciences greatly contributed to making Darwin’s theory of evolution possible. French geologist Buffon (1707-1778) came to recognize that sedimentary rocks were laid down at different times suggesting the age of the earth. French zoologist and paleontologist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) documented the succession of fossil species, noting the progressiveness of the fossil record – however, he was opposed to evolution and argued that boundaries between organisms from different strata were cause by past catastrophic events (catastrophism). Uniformitarian, Charles Lyell (1797-1875) suggested that various geological formations on Earth resulted from the cumulative effects of slow but continuous processes over long expanses of time – confirming that slow gradual changes over expansive amounts of time can yield substantialShow MoreRelatedExploring the Schema Theory of Learning Essay513 Words    |  3 PagesTheories of Learning Schema Theory Overview: Schema Theory is part of the cognitive theories of learning module and deals with how the brain processes new knowledge (Chalmers, 2003). Schemata are packets of prior knowledge that have been stored in a learner’s memory. Each learner has developed schemata that are based on prior experience and knowledge. Learners seek to connect new information with prior knowledge and use generalizations to assist in organization of information. Schema Theory isRead MoreThe Process Of Evolution And Evolution1679 Words   |  7 PagesElla Sachs Mrs.Jarvis AP Biology April 6th, 2015 The Process of Evolution Evolution is â€Å"the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth,† Google. Google. Google, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. Evolution is the reason there is change in the genetic makeup of a population, the reason organisms are linked by common ancestors, and evolution is still happening today because of the constant change in environmentRead MoreIntelligent Design: A Bona Fide Theory Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages Sir Isaac Newton once said, â€Å"Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who sets the planets in motion†. As a major contributor to modern physics with his discovery of gravity, Isaac Newton held a convicting belief in an intelligent designer who created the universe and humanity. According to Discovery Institute (n.d.), â€Å"The theory of intelligent design holds that certain feature of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirectedRead MoreClassical And Contingency Theories For Organizational Design1275 Words   |  6 PagesCritically Evaluate the Contributions and Limitations of Classical and Contingency Theories to Our Understanding of Contemporary Practices in the Area of Organizational Design  Table of Contents Introduction 3 Overview of Classical and Contingency Theories 3 Contributions of Classical and Contingency Theories 4 Limitations of Classical and Contingency Theories 5 Conclusion 6 References 7  Introduction Organisation is composed of individuals and groups who work together towards the accomplishmentRead MoreSymbolic Interactionist Perspective In Sociology1543 Words   |  7 Pagesto the understanding of complex behaviors we demonstrate everyday. Pioneering sociologists introduced a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society. These views are now the basis of which today’s theoretical perspectives are formed. (Contributors at CliffsNotes, 2016) A theoretical perspective, a set of assumptions about reality that demise the questions we ask and support the answers we seek. These perspectives work as sociologist’s lenses in which they look through; they can either clearRead MoreSchool of Thought1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Struc turalism, functionalism, behaviorism: Structuralism: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental process into the most basic component, Major structuralism thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchner.Read MoreThe Most Significant Of The Scientific Theories Have Made Considerable Progression1372 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of the millenniums, scientific theories have made considerable progression. At times improving sluggishly, where at times growing rapidly and skyrocketing. Some regions unprosperous than others at times, while others majorly succeeding where other nations are failing. These peaks and valleys are what provision the evolution of theories. The most significant of the preceding times was the era of Aristotle the philosopher around three hundred B.C., who helped lend a foundation for theRead MoreThe Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin1689 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is evolution? Are we really related to monkeys? What does religion have to say about the theory of ev olution? These are questions that science is still trying to figure out. The simplest answer for the first question is that evolution is decent with modification. This means that, for example, the first humans used their wisdom teeth since they would eat hard and rough foods such as raw meat, nuts, leaves, etc. Now, humans don t use those teeth anymore because we have softer foods, and evenRead MoreKurt Wundt s Theory Of Psychology966 Words   |  4 Pagescontinues to do so. Pioneers in the field created movements that were sometimes embraced, sometimes not. Ideas were challenged and each successive theory either opposed or built on what had come before. The science of psychology has come a long way from its humble roots in philosophy and physiology, becoming a vast and complex discipline with many subfields. Theories and schools of thought gave way to opposing views and new schools. Wilhelm Wundt was the father of experimental psychology. Wundt was responsibleRead MoreOperations Management Paper1329 Words   |  6 Pagesthat will affect business is becoming one of the major concerns for any service organization. Operations management focuses on forecasting and different methodologies that can be used to help deter any negative effects from future environmental or economical events. Who is the contributor(s), and what concept has this person(s) contributed to the field of management? To understand the contributors, we must first review the historical evolution that has transcended operations management into what

Linear and Circular Model of Communication - 844 Words

Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person, information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. In light of the above definition of communication, the success of the Linear and Circular model of communication is dependent upon how successful the message is transmitted and if there is a desired effect on the person that is addressed in the communication process. Aristotle’s model of communication came to the conclusion that the last person in the communication chain; the receiver†¦show more content†¦This feedback is given either verbally or non-verbally of in both ways. This model which bears more realistic appeal to a real life like structure is not substantially different from the circular model of communication as it also depicts communication as a dynamic process in which both the participants are actively engaged in encoding, transmitting, receiving and decoding messages. Providing an example on the applicability of this in the modern era of communication we can take the example of a press conference conducted by a firm in the face of some scandal that t he firm is facing. If we were to follow the linear model of communication, the person conducting the conference would say all that he or she has to say, taking Shannon and Weaver’s variable of interupptions out of the equation we can still see that this situation is not a perfect example of communication for many reasons. First the delivery of a point maynot have been put into proper words and there the people in attendance at the conference would not get the correct point as there would be no way for them to clarify from the spokeperson what they mean. Secondly everything about the situation may not have been dealt with and there is no way that the attendants can enquire fromt he spokesperson if everything is addressed. Finally there may be an observation from the attendants about the issue that may significantly change the course ofShow MoreRelatedTwo Way Communication Prevails over One Way Communication1415 Words   |  6 Pageschoice,discuss the view that two  œway communication should prevail over one-way communication. Communication plays a very important role in an organisation. In fact, it is said to be the lifeline of the organisation. In totality, communication in an organisation is very complex and needs to be correctly managed, handled and monitored to avert chaos, crisis or conflict. The success and downfall of an organization has a significant link and attachment to communication as the strength, base and foundationRead MoreModern Communication Devices, And Day946 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern communication devices, and day-to-day communication is done through it. Study of literature of past few year shows that, the leading work on Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is focused on designing for dual frequency and dual polarized operation on arbitrary shape of patch with commercially simulated software. This review paper demonstrates some commonly engaged techniques to fabricate Microstrip patch antenna with dual frequency and dual polarized operation since last few decades. Index TermsRead MoreA Study On Circular Economy2328 Words   |  10 PagesCircular Economy seems to be the most interesting concept put forward as a sustainability solution which will post global competiveness, foster sustainable economic growth and generate new jobs. This is the future for business, the Circular Economy will not only enable businesses to tap into new sources of value, but help forge resilient markets and supply chains capable of delivering long-term sustainable prosperity. The World Economic Forum, Ellen MacArthur Foundation and McKinsey suggest thisRead MoreCommunication Models1451 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY OF COMMUNICATION MODELS (1)Transmission model Laswell: who say what to whom in which channel what effect (2)Shannon and weaver source→transmiitter→reciever→destination Interactive model (1)Schrammn model encoder decoder interpreter interpreter decoder encoder ↓ Inferential delayed feedback COMMUNICATION   MODELS        COMMUNICATION   PROCESS   Ã‚  Ã‚   The communication process is the inter-relationship between several inter-dependentRead MoreWireless Technology : A Growing Expansion Of Wireless Communication Technology1809 Words   |  8 Pageswireless communication equipment, the antenna can be realized as microstrip structure and its realization is becoming and overall system design requirement [1]. The microstrip patch antenna is the best candidate that fulfills all the requirements of antenna to be implemented in handsets as well as in wireless devices. New modelling techniques that allow very fast model evaluation and at the same time do not sacrifice accuracy are needed in order to allow massive and highly repetitive model evaluationsRead MoreA GSM Base Device1076 Words   |  4 Pagessecurity to explosive devices by blocking both GSM-900 and GSM-1800 frequency bands. A ringing cell phone can be very irritating in places of adoration, classrooms, and hospitals. Trans European Trunked Radio GSM (TETRA-GSM) is a bidirectional communication technology informally known to Walkie Talkie. This well-known technology used by emergency amenities, armed forces, law-enforcement and other government agencies. Moreover, a mobile phone signal can be used to explode an ammunition lorry, anRead MoreSystemic Questioning Essay2821 Words   |  12 Pagesexperience. Communication is key in counseling. Family therapy has developed several approaches to framing questions within family meetings, questions are the primary tool clinicians use to learn about the family’s experiences. These questions help gather important information about various issues. Several authors in the MFT field have described and categorized questions (circular, reflexive, and narrative). There are two types of information gathering and orienting questions, one based on linear assumptionsRead MoreThe Relationship between Hardware and Software455 Words   |  2 Pagesbefore the digital age by Shannon and Weaver. They gave us a linear model where they supposed that information travels in linear fashion even if noise is present in between. This model was later improved upon by Gerbner who made it a little more complex but the essential components like sender, receiver and transmitter remained the same. Gerbner also focused on decoding of the message as it arrives at the destination. Newcombs Triangular model incorporated another information theory where A is the senderRead MoreHelical-Spiral Model1761 Words   |  8 PagesDances model emphasized the complexity of communication. He was interested in the evolutionary nature of the process of communication. Dance said that if communication is complex, it was the responsibility of the scholar to adapt our examination of communication to the challenge of studying something in motion. Dance includes the concept of time - this model emphasizes time in that each act can be said to be built on the others that come before it. Osgood and Schramm’s Circular model (1954) andRead MoreContent Oriented Communication By J. Eum1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe couple’s conversation described above demonstrates a content-oriented communication, which deals with just a specific topic or issue (Weeks Fife, 2014). In their conversation, the husband is upset with their daughter’s poor academic performance, which he can hardly understand because he was a good student with outstanding grades at school during his own childhood. Obviously, the topic of their conversation is their daughter’s poor academic performance. And, their attention is on what they are

Aids Hiv / Aids - 3248 Words

Oliver Au Yong Global Health 101 Section AJ – Xiaochen Dai 3/8/15 Global Fund Assignment # 7 Country: Ghana Disease: HIV/AIDS Section 1: Introduction Originally Ghana was a country that had strong Republican views upon obtaining independence in 1950’s but it was followed by years of instability due to tension between ethnic groups that only grew due to military power and the government’s inability to prevent a declining economy (Chazan). These events of the early history of the country lead to coups where the country eventually reformed its political views into a more democratic one towards the 1990’s, which is the beginning of the country’s higher level of commitment towards health care with ideals that follow the UN’s convention†¦show more content†¦Most of the hospitals are located in large urban areas in the country so it’s densely packed in the Central and Greater Accra regions (Oliver’s Google Map, 2015). This means that there are very little hospitals in rural areas which is where we need them most, because that’s the area where people have little acce ss to them due to transportation issues and how far away it is from them. Money from the Global Fund spent in transportation will be used to help build new roads and public transportation services in more rural areas to increase the accessibility to health services. These actions can be helped reached by coordinating and working together with the CHPS (Community-based health planning services) who’s already working on transportation barriers in the country (Nyonator). They can help disperse and allocate funds to areas in most need of them ranked by prevalence of HIV in the region and number of hospitals. The education barrier trend follows a similar pattern as the lack of accessibility to health in rural areas (Oliver’s Google Map, 2015). Schools are mostly located in urban areas in the same regions where most hospitals are located (Central and Greater Accra). Money spent on this issue of lack of primary schools and colleges in rural areas will help build more schools and colleges where people especially women can be educated. Money will also be spent on implementing HIV education in

Formal and Informal free essay sample

Robin Phillips Assignment: The Learning Autobiography Formal and Informal Learning Date: August 26, 2010 I started my formal education in elementary school when I traveled with my parents. My father was in the United States Army, and I lived in Germany for three years. Then we moved to Japan where I lived for four years. The two things that stuck in my mind were the earthquakes we had every day and my dogs being very scared. I began junior high school in Colorado Springs, Colorado where I took the classes that were required. I had a hard time with math and reading. I learned that I had dyslexia and had to be in special education classes. I had to learn by hands on and showing me how to do things over and over. This had to be done many times until I understood it . While in junior high the one thing stuck out for me, I was good in my choir class and every one liked hearing me sing. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal and Informal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I could sing harmony while others sang in the background for me. High school was harder for me, as the classes became more difficult and I had to work really hard to get good grades, in order to pass them. There was one teacher who helped me with my speech class and she would take time to listen to my speeches that I prepared. She always wanted to make sure I had the speeches timed down to the minute. Her name was Ms. Muto. Ms. Muto also helped me with my computer work, to make sure I understood how to write the programs on the homework that was given to me back in 1983. I went on to graduate form Apache Junction High School in 1985 and received my diploma from there. When high school was done I did different kinds of jobs but I never found anything that I was good at. I worked in two different nursing homes, but I was too small of a person to lift people, so I quit. Also, I was not trained on how to handle elderly people. I mostly helped the LPN’s in what ever they needed done. My brother was a nurse and told me some of the things that I needed to know, but I never could understand what he told me. I started at Mesa Communityback in 1991. I started with lower grade classes first because I scored low when I took the placement tests that every student has to take before getting any of their classes. I worked my way up to the higher level of classes. here where many people who helped me on my learning journey at MCC. There was one person that always helped me get the classes I needed. Her name was Judy and she was a disability specialist. She always took special time with me and I will never forget her. Judy passed away in 2008 of breast cancer. I didn’t go every semester at MCC due to a illness that required me to have a hysterectomy a t the age of 28. When I was well enough I started back at MCC. I took English 101 when I started back and I loved it because the instuctor who did the class gave everybody special time on all work. I did take a communications class over because I failed it the first time. My instuctor Mr. Mancuso sat down with me and said â€Å" you can do all the papers over and you will pass. I thanked him for being so kind to me. In May 2007 I graduated from MCC. I am the only one in my family that has a 2 year degee. In conclusion, I have had many challenges in my life and stuggles with education due to the disability that I have had to contend with all my life. I will work very hard to get this next degree at Ottawa because I want to help people with their problems, when I get this degee.

Cell Structure and Functions

Question: Describe about the Cell structure and function? Answer: Definition: Lysosomes are tiny vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes (proteins which are catalyst for thousands of metabolic reactions that are required for life) which are required by cells to metabolize its nutrients and for removing dead cells from body by destroying them. They are the main site for digestion or breakdown of structures inside the cells [1]. Proteasome on the other hand works by the process of proteolysis (chemical reaction which cleaved peptide bonds) where its main function is to destroy damaged or unwanted proteins. Enzymes involved in process of proteolysis are known as proteases. Cells require proteasomes majorly to regulate and maintain concentration of properly folded proteins and remove those that are in excess or are misfolded [2]. Location: Lysosomes are membrane bound cell organelle found mostly in all animal cells except red blood cells but are rarely found in plant cells, whereas proteasomes are present in all eukaryotes (inside nucleus and in cytoplasm), archaea and in some bacteria as well [3, 4]. Comparison of Functions of lysosomes and proteasomes When food particle is taken up or absorbed by cells, lysosomes release enzymes in order to break those molecules (sugar or protein) into usable form of energy for cells to survive. Lysosomes carry the process of digestion/breakdown of macromolecules like carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids as they have acidic pH [3], whereas proteasomes only remove misfolded/abnormal proteins formed in cells [4]. Secondly lysosomes repair the membrane of cells, on the other hand, proteasome are responsible for differentiation of cells (work by degrading metabolic enzymes and transcription factors) and also for cell cycle regulation and cellular differentiation. Preotasomes are also helpful for cells to respond to stress, where the ubiquitin conjugated regulatory proteins are degraded. Whenever any pathogen enters human body, macrophages engulfs the pathogen and the vesicle containing pathogen is pinched off the macrophage, further this vesicle fuses with the lysosomal membrane and lysos omes respond to foreign pathogens like viruses, bacteria and some antigens which enter in cells, by digesting them using digestive/hydrolytic enzymes but proteasomes play essential role in immune system as they generate antigenic peptides which are further presented by the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecules to T cells and these T cells then clear off the pathogen and activate B cell to develop memory against those pathogens and thus the antigens are then cleared from the body [3,4]. Comparison of protein components of Lysosomes and Proteasomes Lysosomes are made up of proteins which are basically enzymes present on the lysosomal membrane consisting of lipids. Integral membrane proteins which are specific to lysosomes are called as Lysosome Associated Membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs) for which no such clear function is found. Considering their structure, these proteins have two internal lysosome-luminal domains that are homologous and are separated by hinge region that is rich in proline content. The proteins have transmembrane region at their C-terminal extremity which is followed by a short cytoplasmic tail [5]. As compared to lysosomes which have enzyme (protein) and an outer membrane, proteasomes subcomponents are denoted by their Svedberg sedimentation coefficient (S). In mammals, most exclusively used proteasome is 26S proteasome (~2000 kDa) which has single 20S subunit and two 19S subunits, acting as regulatory caps. The core of this proteasome is hollow which acts as an enclosed cavity where proteins are degraded. 19S subunits at each end of the core particle has many Ubiquitin binding and ATPase active sites. This portion identifies polyubiquitinylated proteins and sends them to catalytic core. An 11S particle can link with core particle in a similar way as of 19S and contribute in clearance of any foreign peptides. Image courtesy :- McNaught, K. S. P., Olanow, C. W., Halliwell, B., Isacson, O., Jenner, P. (2001). Failure of the ubiquitinproteasome system in Parkinson's disease.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2(8), 589-594. In eukaryotes, 19S has 19 different proteins which are divided in two sub-assemblies, a 10-subunit lid and a 9-subunit base (of which 6 are ATPase subunits) which directly binds to 20S core particle at the -ring. This attachment of 19S and 20S units needs binding of ATP to ATPase subunit of 19S. In order to degrade ubiquitinylated and folded proteins using assembled complex, ATP hydrolysis is required in only one step and rest steps can work by just presence of bound ATP [6]. Thus we can conclude by saying that lysosomes are, protein (enzyme) containing vesicles which degrade pathogens or food particle to get rid of infection or release energy respectively and proteasomes on the other hand are responsible for removing improperly folded or ubiquitinylated proteins formed in our body failing which the bodys regular functions may be altered in a negative manner. References: 1. Aronson, N. N., de Duve, C. (1968). Digestive activity of lysosomes II. The digestion of macromolecular carbohydrates by extracts of rat liver lysosomes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 243(17), 4564-4573. 2. Ding, W. X., Yin, X. M. (2008). Sorting, recognition and activation of the misfolded protein degradation pathways through macroautophagy and the proteasome. Autophagy, 4(2), 141-150. 3.https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/lysosomes-321-11457/ 4. Peters, J. M., Franke, W. W., Kleinschmidt, J. A. (1994). Distinct 19 S and 20 S subcomplexes of the 26 S proteasome and their distribution in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(10), 7709-7718. 5. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002000 6. Wang, J., Maldonado, M. A. (2006). The ubiquitin-proteasome system and its role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol, 3(4), 255-261.