The Implementation Of A Policy - 1248 Words

Implementing a policy often comes with the comprehensive task of evaluation that consists for activities in which we investigate to develop an understanding of the methods and content of a policy to measure the merit, worth and the utility of that policy. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the definition of policy relates to the compliance and regulation of procedures, administrative action and the practice of that compliance of government and other institutions. Policy evaluation are the principles and methods that examine the framework, the implementation or the impact of a policy. The evaluation process is the monitoring of that activity to where we can gain an understanding of impact of that policy. In order for the HIPAA program to be analyzed and selected for implementation the program would have to go through an audit program. This audit program would analyze the processes, the controls and the policies in order for it to meet program requirements. This audit protocol would put the program through an audit performance and would be broken up into modules that would represent the elements of security, privacy and breach. These three categories would give an overview of the multiple requirements that would be selected for analyzation. These protocols would cover overall performance of the HIPAA implementation such as requirements for a notice for the privacy practices for health information, the rights to obtain privacy protection for privateShow MoreRelatedThe Implementation Of Neoliberal Policies1334 Words   |  6 PagesBangladesh. But there is something wrong with a global trade regime that pushes millions of poor workers into one sector then, with little ado, kicks them ou t of it. http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2005/0905yearman.html MFA The implementation of neoliberal policies have greatly affected the way most industries are regulated, and has had a profound impact on the garment and textile industry in developing countries. The Apparel and textile industry is widely regarded as the starter industry forRead MoreThe Implementation Of New Policies2511 Words   |  11 PagesThe implementation of new policies always presents challenges for HR managers, especially in the field of equality and diversity. According to Kumra and Manfredi (2012, p.5) equality means â€Å"that everyone should be treated equally.† In a workplace application it is closely tied to the concept of workforce diversity. 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Parents who are feeling the effects of the economic recession have been ableRead MoreBusiness Policy Developments And Implementation918 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNING HEAD: CREATING WEALTH IN ORGANIZATIONS 1 Creating Wealth in Organizations Timothy Mullis MGT 481 – Capstone – Business Policy Developments and Implementation Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Leslie Cooper-Blood Sep 06, 2014 2 1. Have you experienced either visionary leadership or strategic leadership, as presented by Rowe? Answer: Yes, the strategic leadership is exhibited by the Sir Richard Branson, one of the greatest business tycoonRead MorePolicy Implementation And Review On Sustainability Essay2369 Words   |  10 PagesPolicy Implementation Review Each sustainability goal will require changes to the existing way your company does business. To try and say that sustainability is just an attitude is incorrect. With only an attitude, your company will see no recognizable or measurable change in sustainability. 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The average American is surrounded by security policies in justRead MoreThe Policy Implementation Of The Executive Branch3120 Words   |  13 PagesScott Bell Policy Midterm October 28, 2014 1) Typically, students of public policy are first taught, as a helpful abstraction and theoretical shortcut—the policy stages model. In most versions of that model, policy implementation is considered the critical fourth stage—the step that links a legislatures’ preferred and selected policy with real policy output: the bureaucratic implementation of that policy (Sabatier 2006). It is no surprise then that many scholars of policy implementation have focused

Ban Banning Tobacco Companies From Advertising Their...

I had heard that some countries were trying to make their people to smoke less every year, first started with the ban on tobacco, but this apparently didn’t work out, so , now they are trying to make face to this problem by increasing taxes. On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective of such a ban was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. This decision seemed to have sparked an intense debate, not just over the ethical aspects of Government s moral policing but also over the achievability of the objective itself. Reacting strongly against the proposed ban, Suhel Seth, CEO, Equus Advertising said, The ban does not have teeth. It is a typical knee-jerk reaction by any Government to create some kind of popularity for itself. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. It was estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. There was an increasing fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people to begin experimenting with tobacco products, and in this way initiate regular smoking, as thisShow MoreRelatedBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreThe Case Ban On Tobacco Ads And Talks About The Conflict Of Interests Between Tobacco Producers And The Government Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay is a case study analysis that uses the case Ban on Tobacco Ads and talks about the conflict of interests between tobacco producers and the Government of India. In Feb 2001 the Government of India published the news on tabling a bill that bans Tobacco companies on advertising cigarettes and sponsoring the sports and other cultural events. (1) There are several arguments that support the Government’s decision: 1. Protection of people’s health. As World Health Organization states thatRead MoreIndias Ban on Tobacco664 Words   |  3 Pagesaddiction of marijuana and cocaine, tobacco is becoming more dangerous and damaging drug in the world. Due to its increasing effect in deteriorating health and death tolls on humans, it has become the main concern for many governments and forced them to act and take measures to minimize the damage caused by tobacco products. One typical example of these authorities is the Indian government. For this session of written assignment, I will analyze a case study of ban on tobacco Ads by Indian government. ByRead MoreThe Ban On Tobacco Advertising987 Words   |  4 PagesOn Feb 6, 2001, Government of India announced a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. Summarize the arguments for the ban on tobacco advertising in India. Advocates of free choice opposed to these prohibitions, saying these amounted to unwarranted intrusion by the state into theRead MoreArgument On The Tobacco Advertising944 Words   |  4 Pages ARGUMENT ON THE TOBACCO ADVERTISING On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The people that support the government plan on banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their product, believe state had the right to intervene in the overall interest of the citizens. They also cited the exampleRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising946 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. 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It is a typical knee-jerkRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pagesproposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, an animated camel, from all itsRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics864 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision when they announced the sudden tabling of a bill to banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports or cultural events. The decision caused a great uproar from the people. What had pro mpted such a move? Did the GOI consider the repercussions? What legislature was in place to reinforce the ban? ITC Ltd actually commented that the legislation had not been thought thorough. Suhel Seth, CEO, Equus advertising saw the move as a government strategy to gain publicityRead MoreThe Ban of Tobacco Advertising in India757 Words   |  3 PagesIndia (GOI) announces a bill about banning Tobacco companies from advertising their product and sponsoring sport and cultural events. The bill mission is to reduce consumption of tobacco products. This paper is based on information provided by the case study and is divided into four section. The first section summarizes arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India. The second section summarizes arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in Indian. The third sections discuss

The Classical School vs. The Positive School free essay sample

During the mid and late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, as countries began to urbanise, crimes rates skyrocketed and punishments for crimes became severe. With many judicial systems becoming corrupted, the need for societal reform during this time was growing. The changes that were slowly brought about are strongly linked with the roots of modern criminal schools. Two major schools of thought have both significantly led to the development of todays modern criminology: the classical school and the positivist school. Cesare Beccaria, â€Å"one of the first scholars to develop [an] understanding of why people commit crime,† is a notable theorist whose theories lead to the development of the classical school, which focused more on the individual and the belief that only that individual was responsible for their actions, not that an outside source could have influenced their behaviour (Siegel 9). The positivist school believes â€Å"that heredity can make criminal behaviour unavoidable or inevitable† for some individuals (The Positive School). Although the classical school began emerging during the eighteenth century, it was not until the nineteenth century that criminology gained respect as a valid scientific field of study; when the positivist school attempted to â€Å"use the scientific method to conduct research† on the causes of crime (Siegel 10). Both the classical and positive schools include the observation of behaviour from which theories on what causes the behaviours were developed. With their proposed theories of human behaviour, each school sought to change the judicial system and sentencing of individuals who had been involved in criminal acts. The main idea shared by theorists in both schools of thought â€Å"involved isolating and correcting the specific [defects] that lead to his or her criminal behaviour,† and the need for a punishment that specifically fit the individual or the crime (Holms 17). Both advocated for a consistency and a levelling in the severity of punishments based on the severity of the criminal act. Even though many of the early philosophies have been discredited as greater scientific knowledge and medical research has become available to criminologists, the importance of their initial inclinations towards seeking punishments that fit the offenders rather than the offences still remains as a basic tenet of the current criminal justice system. Though observation of human behaviour was at the heart of each school, there were major differences within the methods through which human behaviour was observed and analysed. The beliefs of classical criminologists â€Å"explained that the criminal justice system drastically needed to be modernized and improved† and the need for a balance between the criminal acts and the corresponding punishments; whereas, the positivists paid more attention to how biological and environmental aspects could affect criminal tendencies (The History of Criminology). Even with the changes in the judicial system, which the classicalists were able to bring about, â€Å"crime rates continued to increase,† (Holmes 16). This proved that some criminal behaviour could not be deterred through severe punishments alone, thus changing the direction of thought of what leads to deviant actions. This change in thinking along with the discovery of the applicability of the scientific method when observing human nature led to the emergence of the positivist school of thought. The positivists initially sought to identify specific and irrefutable indicators that would determine whether an individual would be more likely to commit criminal acts, hence the development of the practice of phrenology and physiognomology. While the classicalists stressed the importance of the prevention of crime, positivists looked more at the function of the mind and wanted to gain an understanding of what leads an individual to commit a crime. The basic difference between the two schools is that the classical school focuses on fixing the system while the positive school focuses on fixing the individual. Positivists advocated for â€Å"rehabilitation† for criminals after gaining an understanding of the social and biological affects, an idea that is still â€Å"part of the current criminal justice system,† (Holmes 17). The classical school of thought and the positive school of thought have both largely affected the modern criminal justice system. Although the classical school and the positive school almost completely opposed one another on methodology and techniques for analysing crime, they both brought about much needed reform to the judicial system and allowed new methods and practices to also emerge. Both have been building blocks for the understanding of criminal behaviour and today we have a marriage of the two schools of thought. Modern criminologists understand that appropriate punishments do deter most individuals, however, individuals with certain personality types, or sociopathic personality disorders, will continue to engage in criminal activity, regardless of the severity of the punishments. The ground-work laid by the positive school movement gave criminologists an understanding that environmental factors and personality development of criminals in order to understand how to deal appropriately with individuals for whom normal punishments are not a deterrent.

Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes UAE Situation

Introduction This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study and research questions. It also presents the significance of the study, limitations and conceptual framework of the study.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes: UAE Situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background of the study An overview of the construction industry In a global context, construction industry constitutes one of the largest sectors of any given economy. Within European Union, construction industry accounts for over 7 percent of the total employment among the industrial employers (European Union 2001). The industry is arguably the largest employer among industrial employers in Europe. In the year 1999, the industry accounted for over 10 percent of European Union’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This phenomenon is not isolated to the European Union. The construction industry constituted over 9 percent of the United States of America’s GDP in the year 2004 (Building Futures Commission (BFC) 2005). BFC estimated the value of construction work within 2004 at over $1 trillion (BFC 2005). The United Arab Emirates (UAE) construction industry is a robust industry that competes favourably with the construction industry in different geographical entities. UAE’s construction industry valued at over $700 billion in 2010, accounts for a fifth of the construction industry in the Arab world (Malty Dillon 2007; RNCOS 2011; Gulf News 2011).It is also the second largest contributor to UAE’s GDP (Gulf News 2011) Despite the relatively positive outlook on the construction industry, disputes have the potential to derail any gains made in the industry. According to the American Bar Association (ABA) (n.d), litigation expenditure in the US construction industry amounts to over $5 billion annually. This expen diture has been growing at the rate of 10 percent on a yearly basis (ABA n.d). The construction industry in the UAE has also seen an increase in the construction disputes. The growing demand for lawyers versed with construction disputes attests to the increasing construction disputes within UAE (Arabian Business 2011).Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of disputes within UAE construction industry There are several causes of disputes within UAE’s construction industry. These are classified into three broad categories. The three categories include economic factors, legal factors and the human factors. Economic factors as a cause of disputes within construction industry can be analysed within the context of the wider global economic crisis. Recent economic crisis resulted in cash strapped developers (Haddad 2009). The developers had limited cash liquidity to settle their debts from lenders and to pay their contractors, sub contractors and employees resulting into disputes. Human factors can be understood from the three dimensions; disputes attributed to contractor, disputes attributed to clients and finally disputes attributed to the designer (Motsa 2006). These are construction disputes that can be directly associated with a given party’s failure to accomplish its part of the agreement. Such failure may be for example inadequate design drawings by the designer amongst other factors. Disputes attributed to the legal factors often occur due to inadequate understanding or compliance with set legal provisions. The disputes may also occur because of abuse of powers or provisions of the construction laws. Sometimes the disputes may occur due to loopholes inherent in the construction laws utilized. In the context of legal factors as a cause of construction disputes, Mansoor (2010) identifies several provisions within the FIDIC construc tion contracts that often lead to disputes. He stated the Engineer’s powers to suspend construction works or recover lost time and an employer’s right to subcontract to third parties some of the construction works as some of the causes of disputes. Other legal provisions with potential of generating disputes include the ‘pay if paid’ legal provisions and the assignment of the engineer’s role amongst other legal provisions. For the purposes of illustrating how legal provisions can degenerate into disputes, we will use the ‘pay if paid’ legal provision. The ‘back to back’ and ‘pay if paid’ payment provisions in the construction contracts are a major cause of construction disputes in UAE.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes: UAE Situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These legal provisions a llow the subcontractor to receive payment for work done when the main contractor is paid money corresponding to that piece of work (Bin Shabib Associate 2009). In this context, subcontractors can lose their money when the main contractor fails to be paid for any given reason. Traditional ways of dispute resolution Traditional ways of dispute resolution involves arbitration, adjudication and litigation methods. Arbitration uses experts with an appreciation of a dispute’s technical, legal perspective and technological perspectives to act as arbitrators. There are several advantages associated with arbitration method of dispute resolution. In the arbitration method, any evidence that is relevant to the dispute is admitted. This contrasts sharply with the litigation method where there are formal rules to be applied for the evidence to be accepted. Arbitration decisions are often not available for public records. This preserves the confidentiality of the nature of dispute and the disputing parties. This often avoids the stigma associated with negative litigation records that may be available to the public. Arbitration also use specialists in the given dispute matters and as such root problems of the dispute are often addressed. There are numerous disadvantages associated with the arbitration method of dispute resolution. Arbitration decisions often have to be ratified by the courts in order to be effective. Sometimes, lack of rigour associated by with litigation in admissibility of evidence and the rules of procedures may weaken arbitration decisions. Litigation method is method that involves the use of courts to settle the disputes. Litigation is often used when all the other methods of dispute resolution have failed. There are several advantages associated with the litigation methods. The major advantage of the litigation method is the ease of enforcement of the decisions.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Litigation often uses formal rules in terms of evidence admissibility as well as procedural matters that are known or easily accessible to everybody. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages in the litigation method. The method is often costly because disputing parties have to hire advocates. Litigation method also takes a lot of time to resolve disputes which often drive the costs up. The other major disadvantage of litigation is the destruction of the commercial relationship. Negotiation as a means of dispute resolution In the context of the challenges associated with arbitration and litigation methods, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is emerging as a popular dispute resolution mechanism. In particular, negotiation is increasingly becoming a preferred mode of settling construction related disputes in UAE (Al-Tamimi Company 2011). Negotiation falls within Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) dispute resolution mechanism. The other dispute resolution mechanism that form s ADR is the mediation mode of resolving disputes amongst other forms. Negotiation as a means of dispute resolution involves the disputing parties agreeing on an amicable solution to their problem. It often works best in instances where there is a provision of the same in the construction contract or where the conflicting parties mutually settle on negotiation process. Some of the construction issues that can be negotiated include project completion dates, arbitration dates and special work item compensation amongst other issues (Fleming 2003). There are several advantages and disadvantages associated with negotiation as a mode of dispute resolution. This mode of dispute resolution offers a low cost mechanism of solving disputes. It also saves on time as the parties dictate their own timelines. However, negotiation is not an ideal dispute resolution mechanism in instances where there are technical legal provisions that have to be interpreted (Al-Tamimi Company 2011). It may also be difficult to enforce decisions arrived through negotiation unlike in the litigation mode of conflict resolution (Bin Shabib Associate 2009). This is primarily because compliance on the arrived decisions depends on the goodwill of the parties involved. Poor negotiation and skills adopted by one of the parties may lead to a stalemate. This may occur when one party is too demanding and the other party cannot compromise to the desired level. In this context, negotiation may not be an ideal dispute resolution mechanism. Statement of the problem ADR as a means of disputes resolution mechanism in the construction industry has been studied from a global perspective. In the context of UAE’s construction industry, there are several studies on ADR as a means of dispute resolution mechanism. However, there is a shortage of studies exhaustively focusing on the negotiation as a means of dispute resolution mechanism within UAE’s construction industry. This paper seeks to address th is gap. Objectives of the study The objectives of the study are divided into two broad categories; general objectives and specific objectives. Specific objectives are a subset of the broader general objectives. General Objective The main objective of the study is to examine negotiation methods within the context of UAE’s construction industry. Specific Objectives The study has four objectives as highlighted below. To examine the constituents of successful negotiations in UAE’s construction industry disputes. To examine the different types of negotiations in UAE’s construction industry disputes To examine the historical context of the various negotiations used in UAE’s construction industry disputes. To examine how negotiations affect contractor-employee and contractor-employer relationships. Research questions What are the constituents of successful negotiations in UAE’s construction industry disputes? What are the different types of negotiation methods used in UAE’s construction industry disputes? What is the historical context of the various negotiation methods used in UAE’s construction industry? How do negotiations affect the contractor-employee and contractor-employer relationships in UAE’s construction industry? Significance of the study This study will be useful to a number of people including but not limited to construction employees, clients, contractors and researchers. The research will be beneficial to this diverse group of people in several ways. Employees Disputes between the employer and contractor or even directly between the contractor and the employees may affect the welfare of the employees in several ways. The employees may lose their wages and benefits or there may be a delay in the processing of the same. Such scenarios are not desirable. Successful resolution of such disputes is of utmost importance to the employees. This research will educate the employees on the various negoti ation options available to the clients whenever disputes arise. Clients Clients may get into various disputes with the contractor on either finished work or work-in-progress. Negotiation forms a critical way of solving those disputes whenever they arise. This research will provide adequate negotiation types and methods within the context of UAE’s construction industry. The research will thus provide educative materials on the several negotiation options that the client can utilize in dispute resolution. Contractors Construction disputes often have negative financial consequences on the contractors. Such consequences may include loss of revenue for work done or reputational damage leading to loss of business. Successful dispute resolution is thus of critical importance to the contractors. In this context, the paper will provide educative literature on the negotiation as means of dispute resolution. Such information will be useful in enumerating the various negotiation options available to the contractors embroiled in disputes. Researchers The study will expand the existing literature on the construction disputes resolution mechanisms. In particular, the study will provide literature on negotiation as a means of construction industry disputes resolution. In this context, the study will be useful to the researchers in several ways. The study will provide relevant literature for the researchers on dispute resolution mechanism in UAE. The study will provide suggestions for further studies in the conclusion part of this report. Such suggestions can provide future researchers on relevant topics for research. Limitations of the study The research intends to discuss negotiation as a means of dispute resolution mechanism within the context of UAE’s construction industry. The paper does not intend to cover in detail other means of dispute resolution within UAE’s construction industry. Several factors contributed into settling for the research proposa l. The researcher considered researching on the dispute resolution mechanism within UAE’s construction industry. However, the topic was too broad to be tackled in depth. Conceptual framework In the study of the set objectives of the study, the researcher used several approaches. Studying of the relevant literature on the subject provided much needed background on the study and material facts on dispute resolution methods. The study used questionnaires to collect data on several aspects. Such aspects included how negotiation affects contractor-employer and contractor-employee relationships among other issues. The collected data was then analysed and inferences deduced. References Al-Tamimi Company 2011, Construction Law. Available from: http://www.tamimi.com/files/Legal%20Brochures/ConstructionLaw.pdf. Arabian Business 2011, Demand soars for UAE construction dispute lawyers. Available from: http://www.arabianbusiness.com/demand-soars-for-uae-construction-dispute-lawyers-1488 3.html . BFC 2005, Measuring productivity and evaluating innovation in the US construction industry. Available from: http://www.thebfc.org/uploads/BFC_Productivity_whitepaper.pdf . Bin Shabib Associate 2009, United Arab Emirates. Available from: http://www.bsa.ae/pdf/GTDT%20UAE.pdf. European Union 200, Competitiveness of the construction industry. Available from: http://www.etn-presco.net/library/SustConst_EC-TaskGroup.pdf. Fleming, Q 2003, Project procurement management: contracting, subcontracting, teaming. Pennsylvania: FMC Press. Gulf News, 2011,  UAE tops Gulf construction market. Available from http://gulfnews.com/business/construction/uae-tops-gulf-construction-market-1.662171 Haddad, J 2009. Impact of the global financial crisis on the GCC’s construction Industry. Available from: http://precisionsarl.com/images/Articles/201104140621625.pdf. Mansoor, M 2010, The application of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the UAE construction industry.Available from web. sbe.hw.ac.uk/currentstudents/†¦/D†¦/Dissertation_final_-all.pdf Matly M, Dillon L 2007, Dubai strategy: Past, Present, Future Available from: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/matly_paper1.pdf. Motsa, CD 2006, Managing Construction disputes. Available from: http://eprints.utm.my/1951/1/CalebDumisaMotsaMAD2006TTT.pdf. RNCOS 2011, UAE Construction Industry Outlook to 2012.Available from http://www.rncos.com/Market-Analysis-Reports/UAE-Construction-Industry-Outlook-to-2012-IM183.htm Weinberg, W 2010, Recent developments in arbitration law in UAE. Available from: http://www.wwhgd.com/news-article-71.html. This dissertation on Negotiation in Construction Industry Disputes: UAE Situation was written and submitted by user Santiago N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Steven Truscott, A free man essays

Steven Truscott, A free man essays Many Canadian citizens take some of their fundamental rights for granted, especially those dealing with the criminal aspect. Today, when people are accused or arrested, they are guaranteed the right to consult a lawyer before giving a statement. With children, even more precaution is taken when they are accused of a crime. A parent or lawyer must be present at time of questioning, unless a statement is voluntarily given by the youth. Canada only adopted the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in1982. Even though the Bill of Rights was implemented, it was not clear in the rights of minors. Any cases involving youths prior to this time were subjected to the authoritys own interpretation of what the accused should be guaranteed. The pivotal 1959 Clinton Air Force cover-up that wrongly implicated Steven Truscott for the rape and strangulation of a twelve-year-old girl, Lynne Harper, is a perfect example of a case where the authorities abused their power, and it is evident through the way the investigation was handled, the violations of Truscotts rights, as well as disregard for the pursuit of truth. The investigation was handled poorly, as there were many statements overlooked and some even altered. A search party member discovered a raped and strangled body, which was later identified as Lynne Harper. The last person known to have seen Harper alive was a fourteen-year-old boy, Steven Truscott. He maintained that on a Wednesday evening he gave Harper a ride out to Highway 8 on his bicycle, so that she could look at some ponies. This statement is very significant because due to time restrictions, there is no way that Truscott could have brought Harper all the way out to Highway 8, manage to kill her, then make it home by 8:00 that evening where he was seen by his parents. Truscott also stated that after he dropped Harper off he rode down the road, looked back, and saw her climb into a grey 1959 Chevrolet. This is...

The Inspector directs on stage and manipulates audiences response Essays

The Inspector directs on stage and manipulates audiences response Essays The Inspector directs on stage and manipulates audiences response Essay The Inspector directs on stage and manipulates audiences response Essay Essay Topic: Literature I think that this play is very good at getting Priestley points across. After I had read the play it immediately made me think about the way I treat people. This is because in my view the way the message is delivered through the use of the character Inspector Goole, also the harsh reality of the story about the young girl, Eva Smith, and about her committing suicide. This is quite a selfish way to interpret the play and changing your ways, also the play is about not being selfish, looking after each other and working as one body, this is quite ironic. The way the inspector challenges Mr Birling, although Mr Birling is a powerful man. The inspector isnt afraid of who the inspector knows how do you get on with the chief constable? Perhaps I ought to warn you hes an old friend of mine. This doesnt scare the inspector which appeals to the reader. Also as soon as the inspector walks in the lighting changes from cosy to a harder light. This shows the presence of the inspector it shows that as soon as he walks in the atmosphere changes. Priestley wrote this play in 1947 but set it in the year 1912 just before the First World War and in the year of the titanic sinking. This technique called distancing. It enables the audience to think about times by reflecting on the past. He uses to help get his point across and also it helps give the impression of Mr Birling being pompous and stupid. This is as he refers to the titanic and calls it unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable he also comments on the thought of war, youll hear some people saying war is inevitable. And to that I say fiddlesticks. This makes Mr Birling look stupid as the audience of the time know that there has been a war, two wars. They are also aware that the titanic did sink. This helps to get Priestleys point across as; if Mr Birling looks stupid then it shows capitalism is stupid. The way in which it is set back in time adds to the importance of changing ways, as the end the inspector talks about if men dont learn there lesson soon then they will be taught it in blood and fire and anguish. This refers to the war and it gets the audience to think have they learned there lesson, as they will have probably lived through two wars and wont want to see anymore. The play was written just after the second war, in 1947, but everyone would still be feeling the effects of it. This helps Priestley to get the audience to reflect on their lives and to see what mistakes they have made and make them want to change as they wont want to go through anymore big ordeals like a war. Priestley had many time theories and influences while writing this play which helped him set it in a good way to get his message across with effectiveness. He was fascinated by the theories of time and he got his influences off P. D Ouspensky and J. W Donne. P. D Ousepensky believed that after death we entered the same life and are trapped in that cycle until we can learn from our past mistakes and break out of it. J. W Donne believed some people have the ability to see into the future and see the consequences of their actions. This second theory is visible in the play as after the Birlings are visited by an inspector, Inspector Goole, and questioned by him. After they have found he was fake, the police station ring up and say that an inspector will be on his way round to question them about a girl who has recently committed suicide. This gives them a chance to do the right thing and tell the inspector everything. Even though they have the chance to tell the inspector everything and do the right thing, the audience get the impression that only Sheila and maybe Eric will actually go through and admit what they have done. Even though none of the things happened are crimes against the law but just moral crimes, the Birlings are too ashamed to admit what they have done. Priestley has used Sheila as the character to help reinforce his point and she is what Priestley wants the audience to do. This is as she changes her views because of the events that happen in the play. This is what Priestley wants the audience to do think about what theyve done and change their views because of the play as they wouldnt want to think that they have made someone feel that bad. This play is still relevant to audiences in modern times as not everyone now treats people fairly. The difference is that in the modern era employees have unions, to protect them against unfair decisions from employers and give them more rights for all aspects of working, and national insurance cards and numbers. In 1912 when this play was set these things were just starting to begin. Before the inspector arrives to the Birlings house the mood is very natural and its very realistic. This is as the play is set in real time which means whatever happens on the stage would have took the same amount of time in real life, so it isnt set over weeks or months. As the play is set in real time it makes it seem much more realistic to the audience which would therefore shock them more. This is what Priestley wanted as it would make the audience go away from the play and think about how they treat people. That was also what Priestley wanted the audience to do. In the stage directions it comments that the Birling family and Gerald have had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion, and are pleased with themselves. It also comments that the lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder. This shows that the atmosphere is going to change when the inspector arrives, from the nice relaxed one to a very uneasy tense atmosphere. The opening stage direction also gives a lot of information about the characters and household. This gives us some clues about what the family are like and it would have given the audience some visual clues, which would have given them a little impression of the characters. From the first act we learn a lot more about the characters and the pleasant relaxed mood is continued through. In the first act Birling gives lots of advice to Eric, Sheila and Gerald. He thinks he knows more than he actually does like calling the titanic unsinkable and commenting that war is never going to happen. Also he gives his advice as the capitalist and industrialist representative. He tells his children that they should look after there selves and family none of that community and nonsense this shows he is a strong believer of the capitalist views. When the inspector arrives it is just after Mr Birling has made a big speech on looking after himself- and his family too, of course and also on capitalist vs. labour, which it is like when the inspector comes as Mr Birling shows the view of a capitalist and industrialist, whereas the inspector shows the view of a socialist. Birlings speech before the inspector arrives shows that the two are going to have completely different views. As the inspector is a socialist and believes in collective responsibility and looking after everyone, whereas Mr Birling believes that we should just look after ourselves and family. The inspector is shown in the play to be the antithesis of Mr Birling and this causes Mr Birling to not like the inspector. The inspector believes Mr Birling is wrong for discharging Eva Smith and comments about her asking for higher wages saying they might but after all its better to ask for the earth then take it. This shows that there wasnt anything wrong in just asking for higher wages. Although Mr Birling is a strong believer of the capitalist views when the Eric brings up the speech Birling has just gave on looking after yourself and family, Birling is keen to dismiss it and not talk in front of the inspector about it. This shows that although he has strong beliefs he knows the inspector has the opposite views and it shows that Birling is afraid to confront him about it. At the start of this play we are led to believe that it is going to be a murder mystery play but instead we find out it is a morality play. The reader wouldnt find out it is just going to be a morality play until it as finished. This would have made the ending a bit of anticlimax for the audience as they would have been expecting a big mystery to unravel whereas it ends more abruptly but it does have the added mystery of what is going to happen when the real inspector visits them. The inspector is at The Birlings household to investigate the suicide of a girl called Eva Smith. He goes into depth about the incidents running up to the death of this girl. This seems odd to the audience as they would have wondered why the inspector is asking questions about her being discharged from work as it bears no reference to her death and its not illegal so the inspector didnt need to investigate that. Also the other events running up to her death like her getting fired from her department store job, in Milwards, her relationship with Gerald and also her conversation with the group that helps women headed by Mrs Birling werent necessary in investigations. The only person out f the Birling family that the inspector needed to talk to was Eric, this is as his involvement with this girl, Eva Smith, was the only one out of the familys involvements with her that was illegal. But the way Priestley does these investigations into the other events such as Sheila getting her fired makes it seem like the events were illegal. Also the way Sheila feels extremely bad for what she has done helps add to Priestley getting the point across that all of these events were wrong. This helps him in his dramatic purpose as it helps make the audience feel that these events were bad. The audience would have been of similar class to Mr Birling so if Priestley could make them see that these events were wrong them it would change society dramatically. When the inspector is questioning his manner is very direct and forthright. He isnt scared of Mr Birling and still uses this style when questioning Mr Birling. Mr Birling tries to intimidate the inspector but the inspector isnt fazed by it and he carries on his style of questioning. This would have seemed very strange to the audience as the manner of the inspector is very rude and not like the manner of normal inspectors. Even when Mr Birling comments that he is very good friends with the chief constable and that he plays golf with him regularly the inspector isnt intimidated by this and answers dryly to him and very sarcastically as if he is mocking Mr Birling. The inspector contradicts, undermines and over-rules Mr Birling. He is always in control of the situation and it never seems that Mr Birling is in charge of the two. When Mr Birling is trying to ask why should you come here inspector- the inspector cuts right in which shows that he is in charge and it shows that he is the superior of Mr Birling so Mr Birling should speak when the inspector tells him too. The inspector is like this all the way though the play with Mr Birling and although Mr Birling tries many times to tell him that he doesnt like his manner and he should show respect, Birling I dont like that tone, the inspector pays no attention and carries on with his ways. The way he criticises the lack of care from Mr Birling and his manner is not what you would expect from a normal inspector. When the inspector is questioning Sheila he uses grisly details of Eva Smiths death which works as a shock tactic, not only to Sheila but to the audience as well. He uses some very emotive language which helps the audience and Sheila feel extremely sorry for Eva Smith. Throughout questioning Sheila he uses phrases and words like burnt her insides out and died, after several hours of agony this is the type of emotive and grisly language he uses too shock Sheila. She is different to her dad, Mr Birling, as she is very willing to accept responsibility for Eva Smiths death. This is how the inspector introduces collective responsibility to the family, through Sheila as she is willing to accept responsibility. As soon as she realises her connection with Eva Smith she feels extremely guilty and is willing to talk about why she got her sacked, but she doesnt try and justify it. When the inspector has finished investigating Sheila and moves on too investigating others then she acts as an assistant to the inspector. She tells her family that there isnt any point trying to pretend you didnt know her as the inspector will just cut you too pieces and prove you did. She asks questions of her own which helps the inspector in questioning, although she doesnt realise it does. Go on mother you might as well admit it Yes she is why? . She does this to help make her family see the same pint of view as her. Sheila is the first to realise that the inspector is not normal and is probably a fake. She says that its queer very queer when talking about the inspector to the family after he has gone. Although after they find out the inspector isnt real and all the family are happy, she still feels extremely bad and tells her family that we should change our ways although the inspector wasnt real he still spoke some truth and we should realise that we are treating people wrong. She isnt afraid of admit she is wrong and this is who Priestley uses to get his point across and help audiences to think about their personal experiences and change. The inspector isnt just bothered about facts that prove legal guilt but more of moral responsibility. This fits in with Priestleys underlying message as he wants people to change their views and think more about if they are being morally correct. The inspector, in his final speech, talks about there may be only one Eva Smith but there are millions more like her he is talking about social classes there and telling the Birlings and the audience that we need to help them. He doesnt just question the family but he also questions the class system and the attitudes they represent. He uses the family to show what is going wrong and right with the country. He uses Sheila to show that the young are changing there views which is good as they will pass it down so will mean that the problem might have disappeared in future years. But he also talks about poverty and that rich business men, like Mr Birling, arent doing anything to help the poor. In the inspectors final speech he predicts the first and second world wars which acts like a symbolism. He comments that if men dont learn there lesson soon they will learn it in blood and fire and anguish. This shows he predicts there will be a war if men carry on their ways. When the inspector leaves we still dont find out who he is. This leaves it as a bit of a mystery but he still makes a dramatic impact on the characters and audience. The way he isnt a real inspector adds to the dramatic impact. From the stage directions after the inspector leaves it shows how much of an impact he has had on the family and on the audience. Immediately after he leaves the family are stood there in thought. This is shown in the stage directions as it comments on all characters such as Sheila were it says Sheila is still quietly crying. This time were all the characters are in thought acts like a time for the audience to reflect on pass experiences and think about how they are going to treat people in future. The younger generation react to the inspector better then the older generation as they are much more willing to change their views and accept that the inspector is right, whereas the older generation feel that they dont have to change their ways as the inspector wasnt real so none of it counts. There is a final twist at the end of the play when they find out that a real inspector is coming around to ask them a few questions concerning the suicide of a girl. This would appeal to the audience as they would have wanted to see some justice. This is the effect of the inspector as even though the crimes werent legal crimes and just moral crimes the audience see them as crimes that should be punished. At the end of the play I immediately thought about how I treat people. It showed that Priestleys achieved his dramatic purpose. Although the inspector is not a realistic person it doesnt take anything away from the point of the play. After the play I didnt feel that because the inspector wasnt realistic that there wasnt anything to think about I still considered it very real and that it is important to think about personal past experiences and think about your views. I think the way the underlying message is put across is very clear and I think it would have challenged peoples thoughts. Priestleys techniques of getting his message a very successful and which makes the message clear and precise. I think this play is very good at getting its message across. Although it isnt as action packed as a modern audience would expect I still think it would be a good play to see and it would definitely help you to change your views.

Psychology of language learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychology of language learning - Assignment Example Language Acquisition A great deal of a child’s acquisition of linguistic structure occurs during the first five years of life. This is the period when he is most active in discerning a set of underlying organizational principles of language from the expression that surrounds him. It is amazing how at a very young age, he is capable of abstracting meaning from direct experience with other language users depending on his own context. Beaty (2009) explains that even at an infant stage, the baby’s early nonverbal communication helps in preparing her for the spoken and written language to follow and at 6 months, she has become a language specialist, based on the sounds she hears most frequently. At 20 months, she may possess a sizable vocabulary if she hears adults around her talk to one another and to her all the time. Of course good hearing and sensitive listening are paramount to language development. According to Lightbrown & Spada (1999), like the first language,  "learner’s age is one of the characteristics which determine the way in which an individual approaches second language learning† (p. 68). Lindfors (1987) notes that the child’s language environment includes a set of specific sentences, however, it is not this set of sentences that he acquires, but deduces from these an underlying set of organizational principles and sound-meaning relationships. To illustrate, children as young as two do not talk by simply using the specific sentences they hear, but rather, they construct sentences according to their own early version of organized principles underlying the specific sentences they have heard. Perhaps due also to limited language and motor skills, the child’s early linguistic system is different from the adult’s and results in telegraphic and grammatically erratic sentences like â€Å"He no want to sit me.†, â€Å"I not like it†, and â€Å"He gived it to me.† Over time, his langu age system will be revised in many different situations, and his sentences will become more adult-like. For his own purpose, he builds his own rule-governed constructions as he has deduced from his environment and from interactions with others (Lindfors, 1987). Language has four elements, and these elements have related skills necessary to develop a proficiency in language. According to Larsen-Freeman (1986), the natural order that children follow when learning their native language in terms of skill acquisition is: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Crucial to the development of teaching approaches is an understanding of such processes involved in language use. Socio-cultural Theory of Language Learning According to Lev Vygotsky (1962), social interaction stimulated by speech is essential for language development. He also mentions that a supportive interactive environment can help the child to reach a higher level of knowledge and performance compared to what might be reache d through his or her ability to improve independently (Lightbown and Spada, 2006). To this socio-cultural perspective, Lightbrown & Spada (2006) contend that people obtain control and reorganize